This is the solution:
Indeed, the option “Enable CDR Logging” must be set to “Yes”.
Double-checking the output of the Asterisk command line when firing the “cdr show status” command when the option is set to “No”:
Call Detail Record (CDR) settings
Logging: Disabled
Mode: Simple
And when the option is set to “Yes”:
Call Detail Record (CDR) settings
Logging: Enabled
Mode: Simple
Log calls by default: Yes
Log unanswered calls: No
Log congestion: No
Registered Backends
cdr_manager (suspended)
csv
Adaptive ODBC
Not sure how an update can toggle this option.